Operating system data and settings. Setting up the Windows operating system

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On this page we will talk about topics such as: .

Operating system installation

Before OS installation the following disk preparation steps must be performed: logical partitioning and logical formatting. For logical partitioning, special utilities are designed, such as Partition Magic. With the help of the same utility, you can format the logical drive for the file system.

The logical formatting step is implemented using the installer tools of most operating systems. For example, when installing Windows systems and selecting logical drive for installation, this disk is proposed to be formatted under NTFS or FAT.

Most often OS installed from the installation CD. If necessary, you will need to change the BIOS settings - in the First Boot Device section, select CD-ROM as the first boot device.

After the computer boots from the installation CD, the process itself will begin OS installation. In most cases, this process includes the following steps:

I stage. Gathering Information: Selecting Installation Options.

  • collecting information about the computer, analyzing the configuration (checking whether the hardware configuration of the computer meets the requirements necessary for using the OS).
  • select the installation option (update or new).
  • read the license agreement.
  • serial number indication.
  • selection of special installation options: use multi-boot, choose the location of the distribution files, the name of the folder to save OS files, accessibility, screen magnifier, narrator, input languages ​​and keyboard layouts.

II stage. Dynamic update.

The appearance of new hardware components entails the appearance of new drivers that did not exist at the time the OS appeared and which are not available in the distribution. The dynamic update procedure checks for updated drivers and downloads the latest latest versions drivers and can be performed during OS installation.

III stage. Preparing for installation, starting installation.

  • copy to HDD installation files and reboot the system.
  • selecting a logical drive for installation, checking it and, possibly, formatting it for the file system.

IV stage. Installation.

  • entering personal information about the user (for example, name and organization).
  • select options for input languages ​​and locales.
  • enter the computer name and administrator password.
  • setting the date and time display options.
  • configuring network settings.

V stage. Completion of the installation process.

  • complete device setup.
  • setting up an Internet connection.
  • activation operating system.
  • creating local user accounts.
  • completion of configuration.

After OS installation the following steps are performed: installing drivers for the motherboard and for all devices.

The division of all OS installation actions into stages is conditional. Depending on the type of OS, some steps in the installation process may be missing or performed at a different stage.

Installing server versions of the OS is different from installing the OS on local computers and requires the installation and configuration of the main server components.

Operating system configuration

Any operating system provides the user with a number of tools to customize (configure) their environment. The user can configure: equipment, interface, network connection, administration, etc.

On Windows, the configuration tools are located in the folder Control Panel. This folder is accessed through the Main Menu. After clicking the "Start" button in the menu, select the Settings item, and then in the submenu - the Control Panel item. All tools can be divided into two classes:

  1. a class of tools for system tuning. These tools are used to set up hardware and install applications. These include: installing or removing programs; installation, testing and configuration of equipment; changing the Internet settings; setting passwords, etc.
  2. a class of tools for customizing the user interface. These tools allow you to change the appearance of the system. These include; setting the date and time, changing the design of the Desktop (sound, background, screensaver, etc.), supporting the required language, selecting types of mouse pointer, etc.

Let's take a look at some of the control panel tools. Purpose of the tool Screen: Set up your monitor and video adapter. Using the Display Properties dialog box, you can:

  • change the monitor driver type.
  • change screen resolution and color depth.
  • change the color scheme and text styles in all screen elements.
  • including fonts used in dialog boxes and menus.
  • change the current color palette settings.

Another system tool that can be used for configuration is registry. Registry(from the English registry) - an operating system database containing configuration information. The registry stores information on the computer's hardware configuration, various operating system settings, and settings for installed programs.

For example, it is possible to configure almost all Windows environment settings through registry. Moreover, these settings are often impossible to correct using standard tools and tools of the operating system itself. In most cases, when everything is functioning normally, there is no need to look into the registry. But sometimes situations arise that require direct intervention in this database, and then you need to have at least an approximate idea of ​​​​the structure registry, its functioning, the location of various information and the principles of working with it.

Program Windows installation prevents use registry inexperienced users, so after installing Windows registry editor missing from the main menu and desktop. A file registry editor(REGEDIT.EXE) is placed in the Windows system folder during the installation process.

The easiest way to open registry editor is to execute the command: [Start-Run, type regedit] or make a shortcut to the REGEDIT.EXE file on the Desktop.

Information stored in a hierarchical registry database, is organized into sections (key), which contain one or more subkeys. Each subsection contains parameters (value). After starting the registry editor, the Registry Editor program window will open, while the number of sections depends on the OS version.

On the left side is registry tree, and the values ​​(keys) contained in the selected section are displayed on the right. Each section (branch) corresponds to a certain type of information about the user, hardware, application, and so on.

For the example above, the name of each root partition starts with HKEY_, and each root partition contains several subkeys.

The purpose of root partitions is as follows:

  • HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT - responsible for desktop settings, shortcuts, inter-program links, OLE technologies.
  • HKEY_CURRENT_USER - stores settings for the current user, desktop, etc.
  • HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE - Responsible for computer settings, hardware settings, drivers, installed software and its settings.
  • HKEY_USERS - stores the information and settings of the Windows shell of all users of the computer, plus access control.
  • HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG - Responsible for the current configuration of Plug&Play devices and information about the configuration of a computer with variable hardware.
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The operating system includes a variety of options for customizing the interface and settings, and provides a variety of ways to do it. This allows the system to be adapted to the user's requirements.

In Windows OS, you can configure: Desktop, current date and time, keyboard, mouse, options in the [Start] menu (Main menu), and more. The settings are called custom configuration and saved for each registered user. On subsequent boot, the OS asks for the username (account) and password. In case of a match, the previously made settings configuration is restored.

The configuration tools are: system folder components Control Panel, context menu of Windows objects, control elements of dialog windows of the operating system and its applications.

In the system folder Control Panel collected administrative utilities , which provide one of the most convenient and non-disastrous ways to customize your system, software, and hardware. The dialog box of this panel is activated by the command Start Settings Control Panel.

For detailed information about the purpose of the control panel applications, open the window Control Panel and run the command View Table.

Let's take a look at the most commonly used customization options.

All tasks related to hardware configuration are performed using the Hardware Wizard Hardware Wizard , which is called by running the utility Equipment installation. With it, you can install new hardware devices, diagnose hardware conflicts, set device properties, disable devices.

Windows implements the ability to automate the process of installing new hardware by supporting the plug-and-play mechanism (install and use), which assumes that the system automatically recognizes a new device and selects the necessary driver (the OS includes many built-in drivers for the most common devices from various manufacturers).

Installation and removal of software products and components of the operating system, the Microsoft Office suite, as well as other packages installed on the computer, is carried out by the utility The installing and deleting of programms. It can also be used to create boot disk, which allows you to start the system in critical situations (when the operating system on the computer is destroyed).

Utility Language and standards allows you to set regional standards (display numbers, date, time, currency) and select input languages.

Utility Internet Options allows you to customize the screen display and Internet connection settings.

Using the utility Date and time The user can set the time zone, current date and time, and automatic daylight saving time.

Utility Keyboard serves to set the language layout of the keyboard (usually English and Russian are installed, but you can add new ones, for example, German, Belarusian and others), display its indicator on the Taskbar, as well as the speed of re-typing a character.

Using the utility Mouse you can change the appearance of mouse pointers, ensure the convenience of left-handers.

Utility Screen is used to set the desktop background, color and font design of the window interface elements, monitor settings, screen saver that appears on the screen during a temporary suspension of the user's work.

With the command Properties the context menu of the Windows object has the ability to configure some of its parameters, for example, you can open a folder for shared access; restrict access to it by setting a list of users who have permission to work with its content; allow only reading files from the folder, etc. The set of properties available for editing is determined by the object type.

The main options for setting using the controls of the operating system dialog boxes are laid in the menu View and Service, for example, with the command View Arrange icons By disk name in the My Computer window, the list of disks is set to be displayed in alphabetical order, and by the command Service map network drive the selected disk of any computer on the network is perceived by the system this computer as one of his "native" discs. At the end of working with a network drive, it must be disabled by command Service Disable network drive.

Consider making some settings using components Control panels: time and date, mouse, number display formats (date and time), screen, keyboard layout .

1. Open the dialog box Date and time, view the settings for the time zone, current month, date and time. If their parameters are not true, then specify new parameters and click the [Apply] button.

2. Set the mouse settings to work left-handed: open the dialog box Mouse, set the switch For left-handers. In this case, the buttons of the Mouse manipulator are reassigned: the left button is used to call the context menu, and the right button is used to select an object or open it (click or double click).

3. Change the appearance of the mouse pointer: in the Mouse dialog, select the tab Pointers. To change the appearance of all pointers at once, select a different scheme in the group Scheme. To edit only one index, select it, click the [Browse] button, and then double-click the file icon that contains the desired index.

4. Restore the original mouse settings.

5. View and, if necessary, change the standards for numbers, currency values, dates and times: open the dialog box Language and standards, on the tab Regional standards select the locale to use when selecting date, time, number, and currency formats.

6. View and change screensaver settings: open the dialog box Screen, select the tab Screensaver and in the list Screensaver– its view, for example, Labyrinth, and click the [View] button. If desired, you can set a password for the screen saver, change the time of computer inactivity, leading to the installation of a screen saver on the screen.

7. View and change the screen design settings: open the dialog box Screen, select the tab Decor and in the list Scheme select, for example, Desert. The window will dynamically reflect all changes in the design of elements. Then select from the list Element object to which the selected skin will be applied, for example, Window and click the [View] button.

8. View and, if necessary, change the keyboard layout and the display of its indicator: open the dialog box Keyboard, go to the tab Language, define the combination of hotkeys that are used to switch (Alt+Shift or Ctrl+Shift), find the checkbox Show language indicator on panel tasks and analyze its status. Add the Belarusian language to the keyboard layout: click the [Add] button, select from the list Language– Belarusian, click the [OK] button, then the [Apply] button.

I think every system administrator knows how useful and rich functionality can be found in technology such as group policy. Using this technology, administrators can effectively configure client computers, modify existing or add new administrative templates, manage group policy preferences, install software, configure security settings, and perform many other tasks. In other words, this technology includes settings for most roles and components of operating systems and saves administrators from performing daily routine tasks.

But the other day I was asked the following question: how, using GPO, you can centrally manage the enable / disable of Windows 7 components? Indeed, if you carefully go over all the nodes of the Group Policy Control Editor snap-in and review each policy setting, then you will not find such an option as, say, enabling the Telnet client or other system components that are disabled by default.

At first glance, the task can be classified as impossible, since there is no such possibility in the list of policy settings and, therefore, it is impossible to implement centralized inclusion of system components. But in fact, this is not entirely true. To solve this problem, you have two options. First of all, you can create a system image for your users and install the operating system with components already included using the Windows Deployment Services role installed in Windows Server 2008/2008 R2. But this option may not always be acceptable, since some users who need this or that component to be installed may already have an operating system installed and there is no need to reinstall it. And the second way is to create an autoload script that installs the components of the operating system using a specific command line utility, which should also work when the operating system boots. This article will discuss the second method.

Installing operating system components using the command line

It's no secret that the management of almost every task performed by means of the user interface has its own counterpart in the command line environment. Installing system components is no exception. To install, configure, update, and remove system components in Windows images or an already installed operating system, you can use the dism command line utility. Deployment Image Servicing and Management (DISM) is primarily intended for preparing an image of the operating system preinstallation environment. Windows systems. This command line utility can be used for operating systems starting with Windows Vista SP1 and Windows Server 2008. Since the main task described in this article is the installation of system components, I think it makes no sense to provide a detailed description of the current command line utility and talk about its functionality. In this case, we are only interested in a few commands, namely:

  • /online. With this command, you can specify that when running this command, the currently running operating system will be used, and not the image;
  • /Get-Features. Despite the fact that this command is considered useless for the process of installing operating system components directly, you may need its output before installing operating system components. The current command displays information about all system components, both installed and not installed on the target computer;
  • /enable-feature. This command allows you to install the operating system component you specify on the computer.

Now you can try to install a component such as the Telnet client on a computer with a client operating system using the command line. And you can do it like this:

Installing Operating System Components Using Group Policy

Now that you've learned how to install operating system components using the command line, you can try installing these components using Group Policy functionality. To do this, create a .bat file with the following content:

Dism /Online /Enable-Feature /FeatureName:TelnetClient

At the next stage, everything depends on the environment in which the new system component will be installed. If your user's computer is part of a domain, you will need to "Group Policy Management" create a new GPO and call the snap-in for this GPO Group Policy Management Editor. If the computer on which the new operating system component will be installed is included in the workgroup, then you will need to open the snap-in on this computer "Local Group Policy Editor".

Because the Dism utility will only run under an administrative security token, after the required snap-in opens, in the snap-in tree, expand Computer Configuration\Windows Configuration and select node "Scripts (Start/Shutdown)". If you select script node from parent node User configuration, then the command prompt will be run as the logged in user and, accordingly, the command will not be executed. Open the policy setting properties dialog and on the tab "Scripts" specify the path to the previously created script. Note that if you use the script you wrote for computers that are members of a domain, you will need to place it in a public folder. tab "Scripts" The autoload policy properties dialog box is shown below:

Rice. 3. Scripts tab of the custom policy setting dialog box

After you make the required changes to the current policy setting, close the snap-in and, if you created the GPO for computers located in an Active Directory domain, link the GPO to the correct organizational unit.

The last thing left to do to install the components of the operating system is to restart the user's computer or run the command on it gpupdate. In the following illustration, you can see the dialog box "Windows Components" after running this command:


Rice. 4. Windows Components Dialog Box

Conclusion

In this article, we talked about a non-trivial method for installing Windows operating system components using Group Policy. The work of a command designed to prepare an image of the Windows operating system preinstallation environment, with which you can solve this problem, was described. As you can see, the solution turned out to be very simple. How do you install operating system components on your users' computers?

Date __________________ class __________________

topic "Operating system. Installing and configuring system settings"

Lesson type : explanation of new material with practical work;

Goals :

    Educational:
    to introduce students to the basic concepts of this topic, to talk about some of the existing operating systems (Windows, Linux, Mac OS).

    Educational :
    to develop in students the desire for active cognitive activity; develop the ability to work independently and develop research skills.

    Developing:
    educate the information culture of students.

Methods: verbal (story), visual, dialogical, independent work.

Basic concepts:

Equipment: computer class, interactive whiteboard, projector, presentation

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

Greeting the class, controlling absentees, explaining the lesson plan.

II. Knowledge update

In the last lesson, we found out what software is. Today, before continuing our study of this topic, we will repeat the material of the last lesson. And we will do it with a little testing.

Please take a seat at the computers, on the desktops there is a file “Test on the topic Software”.

Run this file and answer the suggested questions. You have 3 minutes to complete this work, and then we will continue.

III. Theoretical material of the lesson.

Today we will introduce you to the concept ofoperating system .

Underoperating system usually understand the complex of control and processing programs, which, on the one hand, acts as an interface between the computer hardware and the user, and on the other hand, for more efficient use of the resources of the computing system and the organization of reliable calculations.

It can be seen that not one of the components software, with the exception of the operating system itself, does not have direct access to the computer hardware. Even the user interacts with his programs through the interface. Any of their commands, before getting into application programs, pass through operating systems.

An operating system is a program that controls the operation of a user program and application systems and acts as an interface between applications and computer hardware.

The purpose of the OS can be divided into three main components:

    convenience: the operating system makes using the computer simple and convenient;

    efficiency: the operating system allows efficient use of computer system resources;

    Evolvability: The operating system must allow development and testing of new applications and system functions without disrupting the normal functioning of the computing system.

OS features:

provides data exchange withexternal devices

supportsfile system (working with files and folders):

FAT32 - since Windows 95 OSR2, partition up to 2 TB
NTFS - Windows NT/2000/XP/2003, partition up to 2 TB
● access rights for users
● catalog volume quotas
CDFS - CD File System

provideslaunch and execution other programs

testing computer error handling

resource allocation (processor, memory, external devices)

Any OS has at least 3 components:

    Nucleus,

    drivers,

    Interface.

Operating system kernel (Kernel) - part of the operating system:

    permanently located in RAM;

    managing the entire operating system;

    containing: device drivers, memory management routines, task scheduler;

    implementing system calls, etc.

All operations associated with processes are performed under the control of a part of the operating system called the kernel. The kernel is only a small part of the operating system code as a whole, but it is one of the most heavily used components of the system. For this reason, the kernel is usually resident in main memory while other parts of the operating system are moved to and from external memory as needed.

Driver A computer program that allows another program (usually an operating system) to access the hardware of a device. In general, to use any device (both external and internal) you need a driver. But usually, operating systems come with drivers for key hardware components, without which the system cannot work. However, some devices (such as a graphics card or printer) may require special drivers, usually provided by the device manufacturer.

User interface (UI - English user interface) - a type of interface in which one side is represented by a person (user), the other - by a machine / device. It is a set of means and methods by which the user interacts with various, most often complex, with many elements, machines and devices. The interface is bidirectional - the device, having received commands from the user and executing them, issues information back using the means available to it (visual, sound, etc.), accepting which, the user issues subsequent commands to the device using the means provided at his disposal (buttons, switches, regulators, sensors, voice, etc.).

Most often, the term is used in relation to computer programs (applications). But in general, user interface refers to any system of interaction with devices capable of interactive interaction with the user.

To simplify the user's work, modern operating systems include software modules that creategraphical user interface . On a GUI OS, commands can be entered using the mouse, while on an OS with command line commands are entered directly from the keyboard.

The OS also contains utility programs or utilities - programs for servicing disks (defragmentation, checking, compression, etc.), programs for working with files (archiving, for example), working in computer networks, etc.

For the convenience of the user, the operating system usually has a help system. It is designed to quickly obtain the necessary information about the operation of both the operating system as a whole and the operation of its individual modules.

A bit of history….

Personal computers without OS.

The first PCs did not have an OS and looked like game consoles: when the computer was connected to the network, the processor accessed the ROM, which contained a program to support a simple programming language. By connecting a tape recorder to a computer, it was possible to download a third-party program. The downloaded program disabled the ROM and then the computer was running under the control of the downloaded program (as in game consoles).

The first disk OS.

A serious need for operating systems arose when disk drives began to be connected to personal computers. A disk drive differs from a tape recorder in that it is a free access device, while a tape recorder is a sequential access device.

Any program can be loaded from a magnetic disk. Therefore, boot commands have become very complex. It was necessary to indicate the track number and the number of the sector in which the thing that needs to be loaded is located.

The exit has been found. A program was written that translates the names of programs and files into track and sector numbers. A person could download what he needed, using only the names. This program became the disk operating system.

non-graphical operating systems.

Since then, operating systems have evolved in parallel with hardware. Back then, disk operating systems became more complex. They introduced tools for partitioning disks into directories and tools for servicing directories (transferring and copying files between directories, sorting files, etc.). So the file structure appeared on the disks, and the operating system took over its creation and maintenance.

For IBM PC computers, the main operating system from 1981 to 1995 was the so-called MS-DOS system. Over the years, it has evolved from MS-DOS 1.0 to MS-DOS 6.22.

Shell programs.

The MS-DOS operating system has made it possible to successfully work with personal computers for almost 15 years. However, this work cannot be called comfortable. First, MS-DOS is a non-graphical operating system that uses a command line interface.

So there was a need for a new intermediary - then the so-called shell programs appeared. A shell is a program that runs under an operating system and helps a person to work with this operating system. One of the most famous and widely used shell programs in the world is called Norton Comander. It was developed by the famous American programmer Peter Norton, who received worldwide recognition for simplifying the work with a computer for millions of people. The shell program visually shows on the screen the entire file structure of the computer: drives, directories and files. With such a program, you do not need to type complex MS-DOS commands on the command line.

Work on a graphical operating system for the IBM PC at Microsoft began back in 1981, but for the first time such a system was published only in 1995 under the name Microsoft Windows 95. Before the advent of Microsoft Windows 95, IBM PC computers worked with the non-graphical MS- DOS, but several graphical shells were made for it Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11.

Graphical operating systems

Released in September 1995, Windows 95 was the first graphical operating system for the IBM PC.

All of the following versions of Windows operating systems (98, NT, ME, 2000, XP) are graphical.

Several families of operating systems coexist in the IBM PC software market today, but Windows operating systems are the most common among users.

Alternative OS

The word UNIX refers not to one operating system, but to a whole family of operating systems. UNIX was created primarily for professionals, and therefore never contained any "frills" such as a convenient GUI. The important thing was different - compatibility, portability, customizability and, most importantly, stability.

Until the mid 90s. The “interests” of the creators of Windows and UNIX lay in different planes: numerous variants of UNIX served “large” computers and servers, and Windows worked on “personal computers”. And these operating systems developed in completely different directions. Suddenly ... Yes, yes, just suddenly, and for no apparent reason, both families of operating systems simultaneously began to look at each other's possessions. The moment when two giants, puffing and waddling awkwardly, moved towards each other, is not difficult to guess - 1993 ... It was this year that Microsoft first decided to encroach on the "server" market by releasing the first version of Windows NT, and "yesterday's student" Linus Torvalds created a "home" free Linux operating system. Mikhail Skrob will tell us about this operating system.

The other OS is Mac OS. Vladimir Linnikov will tell us about it.

(We listen to the reports of students accompanied by presentations).

Demonstration of the Linux and Mac OS X interface.

IV. Implementation of a practical task.

Now let's consolidate the studied material. Please move to the computers.

On the desktop file “Test Operating System”. You have 8 minutes to complete the task. Get started.

V. Summing up the lesson:

Today we found out what the OS is. What is its purpose and composition. Familiarize yourself with different operating systems. In the next lesson, we will take a closer look at the OS boot process.

Thank you for the lesson. Goodbye.



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