The presentation of data on a computer monitor in graphical form was first implemented in the mid-50s for large computers used in scientific and military research. Since then, the graphical way of displaying data has become an integral part of the vast majority of computer systems, especially personal ones.

Computer graphics is a special area of ​​computer science that studies the methods and means of creating and processing images using software and hardware computing systems. It covers all types and forms of representation of images available for human perception either on a monitor screen or as a copy on an external medium (paper, film, fabric, etc.).

Without computer graphics, it is impossible to imagine not only a computer, but also an ordinary, completely material world. Today, computers and computer graphics are an integral part of the life of modern society. For example, let's call medicine (computed tomography), scientific research (visualization of the structure of matter, vector fields and other data), modeling of fabrics and clothing, experimental design, billboards, color magazines, special effects in films - all this to one degree or another related to computer graphics. Therefore, programs have been created for creating and editing images, that is, graphic editors. In my exam paper, I most fully disclosed the issue of graphic editors in order to apply the acquired knowledge in practice in the future, that is, when making a presentation on the topic “This is our class”.

> Main body

> Types of graphic editors

To process images on a computer, special programs are used - graphic editors. A graphic editor is a program for creating, editing and viewing graphic images.

Consider some of the graphic editors:

Graphic editor Paint is a simple one-window graphics editor that allows you to create and edit fairly complex drawings. Window graphic editor Paint has a standard look. (fig.1)

Photoshop by Adobe is a multi-window graphics editor that allows you to create and edit complex drawings, as well as process graphic images (photos). Contains many filters for photo processing (changing brightness, contrast, etc.).

3) Microsoft Draw is included with MS Office. This program is used to create various drawings, diagrams. Usually called from MS Word.

4) Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw - programs used in publishing, allows you to create complex vector images.

Images in graphic editors are stored differently.

A bitmap image is stored using dots of different colors (pixels) that form rows and columns. Any pixel has a fixed position and color. Storing each pixel requires a certain number of bits of information, which depends on the number of colors in the image.

Vector images are formed from objects (point, line, circle, etc.), which are stored in the computer memory in the form of graphic primitives and mathematical formulas that describe them.

For example, a graphic primitive point is specified by its coordinates (X, Y), a line - by the coordinates of the beginning (XI, Y1) and end (X2, Y2), a circle - by the coordinates of the center (X, Y) and a radius (R), a rectangle - by the size of the sides and the coordinates of the upper left corner (XI, Y1) and the lower right corner (X2, Y2), etc. A color is also assigned to each primitive.

As a consequence, graphic editors fall into two categories: raster and vector. They differ in the way they present graphical information.

Vector graphics editors

Vector graphic images are the best medium for storing high-precision graphic objects (drawings, diagrams, etc.), for which the presence of clear and distinct contours is important. FROM vector graphics you come across when you work with computer-aided design and computer-aided design systems, with programs for processing three-dimensional graphics. All components of a vector image are described mathematically, which means they are absolutely accurate. Vector images are usually built by hand, but in some cases they can also be obtained from raster images using tracing programs. Vector images are not able to provide realism close to the original, but the advantage of vector graphics is that the files that store vector graphics are relatively small. It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality.

Raster graphics editors

Raster graphic editors are the best means of processing photographs and drawings, since raster images provide high fidelity in the reproduction of color gradations and halftones. Presentation method bitmaps completely different from vector. Raster images are made up of individual dots called a raster. This representation of images exists not only in digital form. Raster images provide maximum realism, since every smallest fragment of the original is digitized. Such images are saved in much larger files than vector ones, since they store information about each pixel of the image. Thus, the quality of bitmap images depends on their size (number of pixels horizontally and vertically) and the number of colors that the pixels can take on. As a consequence of the fact that they are composed of fixed size pixels, free scaling without loss of quality is not applicable to them. This feature, as well as the very structure of raster images, somewhat complicates their editing and processing.

But in addition to creating images, graphic editors allow you to store the resulting images. To do this, there are files that are different for vector and raster graphics editors.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

GOU VPO "Magnitogorsk State University".

Faculty of Fine Arts and Design.

Abstract on the topic:

"Types of graphic editors".

Magnitogorsk 2011

1. Introduction.

2. Types of graphic editors.

3. Basic functions of the graphic editor.

4. Resizing the image using the Paint editor.

5. Image resizing using MS Word.

6. Image resizing using Adobe Photoshop graphics editor.

7. Image resizing using the Corel Draw graphics editor.

8. List of used literature.

1. Introduction.

This essay provides general information about

computer graphics, theoretical and practice-oriented materials on

the study of graphic computer programs such as Paint, MS Word, Adobe Photoshop and Corel Draw. The material contains text and graphic illustrations explaining the work of resizing graphic images.

Many people have been involved in computer graphics lately, due to

high rates of development of computer technology. Over 90% of the information is healthy

a person receives through vision or associates with geometric spatial

representations. Computer graphics has great potential to facilitate

process of cognition and creativity, it allows students to develop spatial

imagination, practical understanding, artistic taste.

The main objectives of this essay are to get acquainted with the theoretical foundations of computer graphics and teach the simplest methods of correction and optimization of graphic images for visual and didactic materials used in educational activities based on raster and vector graphics.

2. Types of graphic editors.

To process images on a computer, special programs are used - graphic editors. A graphic editor is a program for creating, editing and viewing graphic images.

Consider some of the graphic editors:

1) Graphic editor Paint is a simple one-window graphic editor that allows you to create and edit fairly complex drawings. The Paint editor window has a standard view. (fig.1)

2) Photoshop by Adobe is a multi-window graphics editor that allows you to create and edit complex drawings, as well as process graphic images (photos). Contains many filters for photo processing (changing brightness, contrast, etc.).

3) The program Microsoft Draw - included in the MS Office. This program is used to create various drawings, diagrams. Usually called from MS Word.

4) Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw - programs used in publishing, allows you to create complex vector images.

Images in graphic editors are stored differently.

A bitmap image is stored using dots of different colors (pixels) that form rows and columns. Any pixel has a fixed position and color. Storing each pixel requires a certain number of bits of information, which depends on the number of colors in the image.

Vector images are formed from objects (point, line, circle, etc.), which are stored in the computer's memory in the form of graphic primitives and mathematical formulas that describe them.
For example, a graphic primitive point is specified by its coordinates (X, Y), a line - by the coordinates of the beginning (XI, Y1) and end (X2, Y2), a circle - by the coordinates of the center (X, Y) and a radius (R), a rectangle - by the size of the sides and the coordinates of the upper left corner (XI, Y1) and the lower right corner (X2, Y2), etc. A color is also assigned to each primitive.
As a consequence, graphic editors fall into two categories: raster and vector. They differ in the way they present graphical information.

Vector graphic editors.

Vector graphic images are the best medium for storing high-precision graphic objects (drawings, diagrams, etc.), for which the presence of clear and distinct contours is important. You come across vector graphics when you work with computer-aided drawing and computer-aided design systems, with 3D graphics processing programs. All components of a vector image are described mathematically, which means they are absolutely accurate. Vector images are usually built by hand, but in some cases they can also be obtained from raster images using tracing programs. Vector images are not able to provide realism close to the original, but the advantage of vector graphics is that the files that store vector graphics are relatively small. It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality.

Raster graphic editors.

Raster graphic editors are the best means of processing photographs and drawings, since raster images provide high fidelity in the reproduction of color gradations and halftones. The way raster images are represented is completely different from vector images. Raster images are made up of individual dots called a raster. This representation of images exists not only in digital form. Raster images provide maximum realism, since every smallest fragment of the original is digitized. Such images are saved in much larger files than vector ones, since they store information about each pixel of the image. Thus, the quality of bitmap images depends on their size (number of pixels horizontally and vertically) and the number of colors that the pixels can take on. As a consequence of the fact that they are composed of fixed size pixels, free scaling without loss of quality is not applicable to them. This feature, as well as the very structure of raster images, somewhat complicates their editing and processing.

But in addition to creating images, graphic editors allow you to store the resulting images. To do this, there are files that are different for vector and raster graphics editors.

3. Basic functions of the graphic editor.

Working in a graphics editor refers to graphics processing technology. Some generalized graphics editor is characterized by the following functions:

1. Create a drawing

a) In manual drawing mode;

b) Using the toolbar (stamps, primitives).

2. Pattern Manipulation

a) Selection of fragments of the picture;

b) Elaboration of small details of the picture (enlargement of fragments of the picture);

c) Copying a fragment of the picture to a new location on the screen (as well as

the ability to cut, glue, delete image fragments);

d) Shading of individual parts of the picture with an even layer or pattern, the ability to use arbitrary “paints”, “brushes” and “spraying” for drawing.

e) Image scaling;

f) Moving the image;

g) Image rotation;

3. Enter text into the image

a) Font selection;

b) Selection of characters (italics, underlining, shading);

4. Working with flowers

a) Creating your own color palette;

b) Creating your own pattern (stamp) for painting;

5. Working with external devices (disks, printer, scanner, etc.)

a) Writing a picture to a disk (floppy disk) as a file of a standard format (pcx, bmp, tif, gif, jpg, png, etc.);

b) Reading a file from a disk (floppy disk);

c) Printing a drawing;

d) Scanning the drawing.

The mouse is most often used as a "brush", less often the cursor is used when controlling the keyboard. The toolbar is used to draw straight and curved lines, circles (ovals, ellipses), rectangles (squares).

4. Resizing the image using the Paint editor.

You can change the size or resolution of a digital image by changing the following characteristics:

The number of pixels. The resolution or sharpness of an image is determined by the number of pixels that make it up. Increasing the number of pixels improves image resolution. This allows you to print large-sized images while maintaining quality. However, keep in mind that the more pixels an image contains, the more disk space it takes up.

File size The amount of disk space an image takes up on the computer and how long it takes to send the image over e-mail determined by the size of the image file. Although increasing the number of pixels often increases the file size, the file type of an image (such as JPEG or TIFF) has a greater effect on the file size. For example, an image saved in TIFF format will be significantly larger than the same image saved in JPEG format. This is because the JPEG image can be compressed. This reduces the file size at the cost of slightly degrading image quality.

Raster graphics editor- a specialized program designed to create and process raster images. Raster graphics editors allow the user to draw and edit images on the computer screen, as well as save them in various raster formats.

Vector graphics editors allow the user to create and edit vector images.

Types of graphic editors:

1) Graphic editor Paint is a simple single-window graphic editor that allows you to create and edit fairly complex drawings. The window of the Paint graphic editor has a standard look.

2) Photoshop by Adobe is a multi-window graphics editor that allows you to create and edit complex drawings, as well as process graphic images (photos). Contains many filters for photo processing (changing brightness, contrast, etc.).

3) The Microsoft Draw program is included in the MS Office package. This program is used to create various drawings, diagrams. Usually called from MS Word.

4) Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw - programs used in publishing, allows you to create complex vector images.

Paint Interface

header– program namePaint, system menu (program icon) and program window control buttons. The title of the Paint also displays the name of the drawing.

Menu bar- the menu grouped all the commands for editing the picture.

Toolbar are included in the menu View ® Toolbox.

Color palette are included in the menu View ® Palette.

Working field contains the document window.

Status bar informs about the operating modes of the program.

Note. Except for the Workspace, all elements of the Paint window are optional; can be removed from the screen.

Graphic Editor ToolsPaint

Pencil draws a thin line

Eraser erases the drawing

Spray puts some paint on.

fill Using this tool, you can paint over a limited area of ​​​​a picture with color. The border for the "spilling" paint will be a continuous line or area of ​​a different color. If the border line of the area has a break, the paint will "spill" further.

Rectangle- for drawing rectangles. If you draw with the Rectangle tool with the Shift key pressed, you will get squares - rectangles with equal sides.

Ellipse is a flattened circle. Used to draw circles. If you draw with the Ellipse tool with the Shift key pressed, you will get circles.

Tool Line.

29. Computer networks, their classification. Local computer networks: types, topology, hardware and software, capabilities.

Computer networks- a set of computers connected via communication channels into a single system.

Computer networks:

GKS (global) - unites subscribers of different continents. It interacts on the basis of telephone lines, radio and satellite communications.

RCS (regional) - tens, hundreds of kilometers of telephone lines, radio and satellite communications.

LKS (local) - cable fiber optic communication, distance 2-2.5 km.

To save more than two computers, you must install a network card in each of them.

Peer-to-Peer:

Do not need special software

All workstations are equal

Dedicated server:

Network software required

There is a special control computer

File server

The provision of computers in such a network is called workstations.

Topology:

2) "ring"

3) "star"

4) "snowflake"

Local networks can be combined into global ones.

Bridge- a specific computer with special software that connects 2 networks using the same protocol.

Firewall- a computer that performs the function of protecting information on a local network.

On the Internet, each computer has 2 addresses:

Numeric IP address

Domain (DNS-Domain) - convenient for user perception

Numeric IP address– has a length of 4 bytes, given in decimal digits (from 0 to 255), separated by a dot, read from left to right.

1) Network address

2) Subnet address

3) Computer address

Domain address (DNS)- unlike digital, it is read in reverse order.

1) Network name

2) Computer name

A computer's domain address includes at least 2 levels of domains. Domain levels are separated by dots.

Domains:

Hymatic (three-letter)

Edu - educational

Gov - government

Org - non-profit organizations

Geographic (two-letter)

Ru - Russia

Fr - France

Protocol– a set of logical level interface conventions that define the exchange of data between different programs.

TCP/IP protocol - rules:

Splitting information into small blocks (packages)

Formation of a header with the address of the sender, recipient

Package builds at destination

Internet servers are computers that are constantly connected to the Internet and control the movement of information on the network.

The use of the Internet in medicine and healthcare.

Search engines

Access to world libraries

Teleconferences

Prompt transfer of information, etc.

Telemedicine- a direction of medicine associated with the development and implementation of methods for remote assistance and the exchange of specialized information based on modern telecommunication technologies.

30. Global computer network Internet: types of computer connections, addressing system, protocol. Internet resources. Application in medicine and healthcare.

global networks- connect different continents based on telephone lines, radio, satellite communications. It unites the information resource of all mankind.

According to the method of connecting a computer to a network (according to topology), Local Computing Networks are (LAN):

With ring topology

With bus topology

with star topology

Mixed topology (snowflake)

(1) - TIRE; (2) - STAR

LANs can be connected to global networks, computers providing such a connection - a bridge, gateway, firewall.

Bridge– a separate computer with special software, connects 2 networks using the same protocol - a set of rules and descriptions that govern the transfer of information between PCs.

Gateway – separate computer connecting separate protocols. In fact, this is a computer with an additional fee.

Firewall – a gateway computer that performs the function of protecting information on a local network.

Compound remote access

Permanent connection - online all the time

Switched - during operation.

On the Internet, each computer has 2 addresses:

Digital - ip is convenient for processing on a computer.

Domain - ip is convenient for user perception.

Numeric is 4 bytes long and uses dotted decimal digits. −

Network address, subnet address, computer address.

Domain address. minimum must have 2 domino levels:

Network name, computer name.

TCP / IP - a special protocol the birth of the Internet

1) splitting information into small blocks

2) a header is formed with the address of the sender and recipient

3) package assembly at the destination

internet server- a computer permanently connected to the Internet and managing the movement of information on the network.

The use of the Internet in medicine and healthcare .

1) search engines

2) access to world libraries

3) teleconferencing

4) remote (treatment, information)

5) operational (transfer of information)

Telemedicine– direction of medicine associated with the development and implementation of methods remote assistance and exchange of specialized information based on modern telecommunication technologies.

31. Groups of medical information. Definition of medical records. Characteristics of groups of standard medical documentation.

TYPES OF MEDICAL INFORMATION

All types of medical information can be divided into four main groups:

1. Alphanumeric information;

2. Visual information:

a) static;

b) dynamic;

3. Sound information;

4. Combined types of information.

Alphanumeric information

Alphanumeric information is the basis of almost all forms of printed and handwritten documents (except when the document is a graph or diagram). It makes up the bulk of the content of medical information.

Static visual information

This category of medical information includes various images (radiograms, echocardiograms, etc.). Depending on the technical means and other features, the information obtained can be gray scale (for example, an x-ray image) or color (for example, an endoscopic image).

Dynamic visual information (video)

Examples of such information are the patient's gait, facial expressions or convulsions, tendon reflexes, pupillary response to light, dynamic images generated by diagnostic equipment.

Sound information

Sound information includes speech, technically amplified natural sounds of the human body and sound signals generated by medical equipment.

Examples of speech information are the commentary of the attending physician, the speech of a patient with a neurological or mental pathology, the speech of a patient with a pathology of the larynx.

Examples of technically amplified sound signals are tones, noises, wheezing and other auscultation elements heard with a phonendoscope.

Examples of sound signals generated by medical equipment are echocardiography Doppler blood flow signals, flowmetric signals, signals from fetal monitors, etc.

Some types or individual cases of audio information may be part of combined types of medical information (for example, in combination with visual-graphic information).

Combined types of information

Combined is called medical information, which is any combination of alphanumeric, visual, graphic and sound information.

The most popular combined type of information is the combination of dynamic visual information with sound information. However, other combinations are widely used in practice: for example, static visual information with sound, static visual information together with alphanumeric and others.

medical documentation - a set of documents - carriers of medical and statistical information about the state of health of individuals, various groups of the population, the volume, content and quality of medical care and the activities of medical institutions. In Russia, M. d. is mandatory, unified and unified, used to manage health care and plan the organization of activities to protect public health

M. D. REPORTING- M. d., which is a summary of statistical documents containing information about the state and activities of medical institutions for a certain period of time.

M. D. ACCOUNTING AND OPERATIONAL STATISTICAL - M. d., which is primary accounting documents that reflect individual elements of the daily work of medical institutions, helping to organize this work and used to compile reporting M. d. medical protection - an integral part of the medical support of troops and the population, which is a set of measures carried out medical service of the Armed Forces and civil defense in order to prevent or mitigate as much as possible the damage caused by nuclear weapons, toxic substances and biological agents in wartime

Medical historiography- a section of the history of medicine and general historiography, which studies the development of the history of medicine based on the analysis and generalization of literature. (1721-1763); Later it was transformed into the Medical College.

Medical card- Individual card of an outpatient medical cartography - a section of cartography that develops a methodology for compiling and using medical geographical maps and atlases

Primary medical card- a wartime military medical record document, which serves to register the fact of a defeat or illness of a serviceman and ensure the continuity of medical and evacuation measures; filled in for each injured or sick person who has been out of action for more than one day, upon admission to the stage of medical evacuation, where first medical aid is provided, and is sent with him during subsequent evacuation

Primary medical card- a document of personal registration of the injured and sick in the medical service of civil defense, filled out at the first stage of medical evacuation and sent with the evacuee in order to ensure continuity in the provision of medical care and treatment to him at the stages of medical evacuation

Serviceman's medical record- a document of peacetime military medical records maintained for each serviceman to register indicators of his health, as well as recommended and carried out therapeutic and preventive measures.

Types of computer graphics

The presentation of data on a computer monitor in graphical form was first implemented in the mid-50s for large computers used in scientific and military research. Since then, the graphical way of displaying data has become an integral part of the vast majority of computer systems, especially personal ones. The graphical user interface (GUI) is now the de facto standard for software different classes, starting with operating systems.

There is a special area of ​​informatics that studies methods and tools for creating and processing images using software and hardware computing systems - computer graphics. It covers all types and forms of representation of images available for human perception either on a monitor screen or as a copy on an external medium (paper, film, fabric, etc.). Without computer graphics, it is impossible to imagine not only a computer, but also an ordinary, completely material world. Data visualization finds application in various fields of human activity. For example, let's name medicine (computed tomography), scientific research (visualization of the structure of matter, vector fields and other data), modeling of fabrics and clothing, and experimental design.

Depending on the method of image formation, computer graphics are usually divided into raster, vector and fractal.

A separate subject is three-dimensional (3D) graphics, which studies the techniques and methods for constructing three-dimensional models of objects in virtual space. As a rule, it combines vector and raster imaging methods.

Color gamut features characterize concepts such as black and white and color graphics. Specialization in certain areas is indicated by the names of some sections: engineering graphics, scientific graphics, Web graphics, computer printing and others.

At the junction of computer, television and film technologies, a relatively new field of computer graphics and animation was born and is rapidly developing. A significant place in computer graphics is given to entertainment. There was even such a thing as a mechanism for graphical representation of data (Graphics Engine). Market game programs has a turnover of tens of billions of dollars and often initiates the next stage in the improvement of graphics and animation.

Although computer graphics is just a tool, its structure and methods are based on the cutting-edge achievements of fundamental and applied sciences: mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, statistics, programming, and many others. This remark is true for both software and hardware tools for creating and processing images on a computer. Therefore, computer graphics is one of the most rapidly developing branches of computer science and in many cases acts as a "locomotive" that pulls the entire computer industry with it.

Diagram(Greek diagramma - image, drawing, drawing) - a graphical representation of data that allows you to quickly evaluate the ratio of several quantities. It is a geometric symbolic image of information using various visualization techniques.

Line charts or graphs- This is a type of chart in which the received data is displayed as points connected by straight lines. Points can be both visible and invisible (broken lines).

Area charts is a type of chart that is similar to line charts in the way it draws curved lines. It differs from them in that the area under each graph is filled with an individual color or shade.

Classic diagrams are bar and line (bar) charts. They are also called histograms. Column charts are mainly used for visual comparison of the received statistical data or for analyzing their changes over a certain period of time. The construction of a bar chart consists in displaying statistical data in the form of vertical rectangles or three-dimensional rectangular bars.

A fairly common way to graphically represent the structure of statistical populations is pie chart, since the idea of ​​the whole is very clear expressed in a circle, which represents the entire population. The relative value of each value is depicted as a sector of a circle, the area of ​​which corresponds to the contribution of this value to the sum of values. This type of graph is convenient to use when you need to show the share of each value in the total volume. Sectors can be depicted both in a general circle and separately, located at a small distance from each other.

Cartograms- these are combinations of diagrams with geographical maps or diagrams. Ordinary charts (histograms, pie charts, line charts) are used as figurative signs in cartograms, which are placed on the contours of geographical maps or on diagrams of any objects. Map charts provide an opportunity to reflect geographically more complex statistical and geographical constructions than conventional chart types.

The table consists of columns and rows, at the intersection of which there are cells. A Word table can contain a maximum of 63 columns and an arbitrary number of rows. Table cells have addresses formed by the column name (A, B, C, ...) and the row number (I, 2, 3, ...). Cells of one row are indicated from left to right, starting from column A. Table cells contain information of arbitrary type: text, numbers, graphics, figures, formulas.

Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska