The method of encoding information using a sequence of bytes is called a format. A graphic format is a way of recording graphic information. All graphic formats are divided into raster and vector.

Raster format characterized by the fact that the entire image is divided vertically and horizontally into fairly small rectangles - the so-called picture elements, or pixels (from the English pixel - picture element).

The process of dividing a color into its constituent components is called color model. Three color models are used in computer graphics: RGB, CMYK and HSB.

The most common color coding method is the RGB model. With this coding method, any color is represented as a combination of three colors: red (Red), green (Green) and blue (Blue), taken with different intensities. The intensity of each of the three colors is one byte (i.e. a number between 0 and 255).

AT vector format the picture is presented as a combination of simple geometric shapes - points, segments of straight lines and curves, circles, rectangles, etc. In this case, for a complete description of the picture, you need to know the type and basic coordinates of each figure, for example, the coordinates of the two ends of the segment, the coordinates of the center and the diameter of the circle etc.

This coding method is ideal for drawings that are easy to represent as a combination of simple shapes, such as technical drawings. At vector graphics many merits. It is economical in terms of disk space required for storing images: this is due to the fact that it is not the image itself that is saved, but only some basic data, using which the program recreates the image every time.

In addition, the description of color characteristics almost does not increase the file size. Vector graphics objects are easily transformed and modified, which has almost no effect on image quality. Scaling, rotation, warping can be reduced to elementary transformations over vectors.

Graphic editors designed to work with bitmaps, are called raster editors. The most common editors are Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Paint, which is part of Windows.

Designed for working with vector images vector editors. Among them are Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator, 3-D Max and others.

Graphic file formats

TEST QUESTIONS FOR TOPIC 15

1. Images of which graphics have high accuracy in the reproduction of colors and halftones:

1. Raster
2. Vector
3. three dimensional
4. fractal

2. The image of which graphics consists of elements similar to each other:

1. Raster
2. Vector
3. three dimensional
4. fractal

3. Images of which graphics can be split into separate elements for editing:

1. Raster
2. Vector
3. three dimensional
4. fractal

4. Images of which graphics consist of dots (pixels):

1. Raster
2. Vector
3. three dimensional
4. fractal

5. Images of what kind of graphics, when increasing or decreasing the size of the picture, it loses image quality:

1. Raster
2. Vector
3. three dimensional
4. fractal

6. A type of graphics that studies the techniques and methods for creating three-dimensional models of objects.

1. Raster
2. Vector
3. three dimensional
4. fractal

7. Which graphics files are large:

1. Raster
2. Vector
3. three dimensional
4. fractal

8. Which graphic would you classify the following image as:

1. Raster
2. Vector
3. three dimensional
4. fractal

9. Choose a definition of computer graphics

A. The field of computer science that studies the methods, tools for creating and processing images using software and hardware computing systems.

B. The field of computer science that studies methods, tools for creating and processing text documents using software and hardware computing systems.

C. The field of computer science that studies methods, tools for creating and processing spreadsheets using software and hardware computing systems.

D. The field of computer science that studies methods, tools for creating and processing large amounts of data using software and hardware computing systems.

10. A fractal is...

A. Structure consisting of separate parts. The main element in creating an image is a line.

B. Minimum image area , whose color is set independently.

C. A structure made up of various parts.

D. A structure made up of parts like a whole. Its main property is self-similarity.

Lists of questions for preparation for the II boundary control

1. Text editors.
2. MS Word Menu Types
3. The panel is standard MS Word.
4. Formatting panel MS Word.
5. Word window. Create and save documents
6. Formatting Word Documents
7. Create drawings in Word
8. Printing Documents in Word
9. Using the AutoFormat Table command
10. Running title
11. Footnote
12. Hyperlink
13. Hypertext
14. List
15. OLE object field
16. Macro.
17. Creating a macro
18. Create, delete table in Word
19. Adding, deleting rows and columns of a table in MS Word
20. Formula editor
21. Template in MS Word
22. Types of templates in MS Word
23. What is paragraph style in MS Word
24. Basic concepts of spreadsheets.
25. Basic concepts (book, sheet, cell)
26. Panel standard MS Excel
27. MS Excel Formatting Panel
28. Formula bar panel
29. Cell range
30. Legend
31. Using the master functions
32. Entering, editing and formatting data in spreadsheets.
33. Types of addressing
34. Sign to use addressing?
35. Character at numeric value larger than cell size?
36. Function types. Using standard functions.
37. Calculations in spreadsheets.
38. Construction of charts and graphs.
39. Types of charts
40. Formulas in Excel
41. Functions in Excel
42. Chart in Excel
43. Sorting data.
44. Using a filter
45. Pivot tables.

46. ​​Graphic editors.

47. Database management system.

48. Database structures

49. Functionality of the DBMS.

1. Basic database objects
2. Basic concepts of database objects
3. Relationship between database tables
4. Field types.
5. Data types
6. Creating a Table in Design View
7. Create a request
8. Create Forms
9. Internet work.
10. Internet. Internet Services
11. Computer networks.
12. Types of networks
13. Topology types
14. Email.
15. Basic concepts of domain, protocol
16. Types of protocols
17. Standard programs
18. multimedia programs
19. Graphic editor.
20. Raster graphic editor.
21. Vector graphic editors.

1.1. Materials for classroom and extracurricular work

In the disciplines of the Department of Humanities and Natural Sciences, materials for classroom work are developed taking into account the fact that all classes in the credit system are conducted using traditional and interactive forms of education. They should regulate the conduct of different types of classes and the performance of rating tasks in the discipline.

Short course(abstracts) of lectures include materials curriculum(syllabus), containing the optimal amount of necessary information, providing both an understanding of the disciplines as a whole and an idea of ​​the objects under study. The content of the lecture course should reflect modern scientific achievements and prospects for the development of science.

When developing guidelines for the implementation of seminars (practical) classes, laboratory, various types of handouts in the disciplines of the department, they take into account that the materials of practical and seminar classes are aimed at repeating and consolidating the material of the lecture course, as well as at acquiring additional knowledge in sections of the discipline that were not included in consideration of the lecture course.

Independent work of a student according to the credit system is divided into two types: (SIW) - classroom work of a student under the guidance of a teacher, indicated in the schedule and included in the teaching load of a teacher and SWS - independent work of a student, i.e. extracurricular work of a student in a library, Internet class, etc. Independent work is an important factor in improving the quality of education, affecting the depth and strength of the knowledge, skills and competencies acquired by students. It contributes to the development in students of the need for self-education and self-development.

Materials for independent work of students include questions that make up the content of the state component of the model curriculum, recommended for independent consideration by students. Questions for independent work (TSIS) (ISW) should complement and deepen the content of the course being studied. Tasks should include the main questions of the topics submitted for self-study by students, indicating the forms and timing of the control.

The calculation of the number of tasks should be carried out in accordance with the developed standards for calculating teaching hours of teaching staff on credit technology, approved by the Academic Council of the university, and also take into account the number of loans allocated for the study of the discipline.

1.2. Materials for knowledge control

Materials for the control of students' knowledge are developed in accordance with the uniform principles and rules of knowledge control. Tasks for ongoing monitoring carried out as part of practical exercises and SIWT may include oral and written questions, test tasks, etc.

The examination material (oral questions, tests) must correspond to the standard and working programs for the discipline and reflect its main content, including the material of the SIW assignments. Exam materials are developed by the lecturer, discussed and approved by the decision of the department.

The TMC includes a list of references (basic and additional), reflecting the range of questions necessary for the student to prepare and pass the current and final forms of knowledge control, as well as to complete the tasks of the SIW. The list of literature recommended for all types of students' work contains the necessary optimal number of titles, which provides a complete coverage of the content of the discipline at the modern scientific and methodological levels.

In credit technology, interactive learning is of particular importance. In the classroom hour, regardless of whether it is a lecture or a seminar, SIWT should be used along with traditional methods and interactive forms of conducting classes. Interactive learning develops students' abilities:

Form your own opinion and express it;

· Respect other people's opinions;

· Carefully study the training material;

Develop a creative approach to the implementation of the material;

· Speak in front of a large audience and argue your point of view;

Analyze the received information;

· To develop skills of independent and fruitful work; Be able to show your individuality;

Enrich life experience by staging various situations.

Overview of interactive forms and teaching methods

Debate is an oral exchange of students' opinions in order to find the right answers and conclusions.

Discussion (discussion) - an exchange of opinions between students on the topic under study. The participation of students in the discussion is the key to mastering and retaining knowledge in memory. Discussion is an effective way to involve students in the learning process.

Role-playing game- a multifaceted way of learning that ensures active participation, involvement, experimentation and discovery in the learning process.

"Aquarium" - a way to study the behavior of a group by dividing into teams. One of the teams discusses or solves the problem, while the other team investigates and records the process itself. The results are discussed before fixed rules are derived.

Group briefing - the teacher gives key facts or "highlights of the topic", on the basis of which questions and answers are further formed for the lesson.

Group discussion - after the lecture, the audience is divided into groups for discussion and exchange of opinions, views, questions and conclusions through group leaders with the entire audience.

Case - method is an educational method that helps students think effectively. The group is presented with factual information based on the real situation, is invited to discuss the problems, analyze the situation and make recommendations. Cases can be expressed in many ways. They can be long and fully describe the situation, or they can be short and ornate, in any case, their purpose remains the same - to serve as a reason for students to come to some conclusions based on the facts presented.

Presentation- a teaching method in which the student can choose any topic for his presentation and express his understanding or lack of understanding of any aspect of the problem under consideration. Presentation time - 8-10 minutes. The presentation is evaluated according to the following criteria: how fully the topic is disclosed, whether this problem aroused the interest of others, how professionally the student approached the problem under consideration.

Handling a Critical Situation- the critical situation method is one of the forms of the research method. The method is aimed at modeling a more realistic situation, when a group of students is given basic information on a critical situation and then given the opportunity to independently ask questions and demand information that they consider necessary. The method is effectively used when it is necessary to define a problem.

Error detection method- students receive homework read the content of the upcoming lecture. The teacher works through the educational material, making changes, erroneous data. In the process of reading lectures by the teacher, students should find errors. This method allows students to develop critical listening skills, to concentrate their attention throughout the lesson.

"Brainstorm"- the simplest and most effective method of interactive learning that develops creative thinking, teaches the skills of identifying problems, building a team. It is a way for the group to concentrate the most creative ideas, and the participants suggest ways to further implement them.

"Round Table Method"- a quick verbal check that allows everyone to say something, for example, "I learned three things today", "I learned about the subject ...", etc.

Quiet reflection - usually with written comments, perhaps with questions on the board or on paper.

Group reflection - ask small groups to review the topic covered and share with everyone else.

Reflective interviews - open or with questions and structure set out by the trainer, in pairs.

Drafting a letter a method aimed at mastering certain material, where a keyword is highlighted and a letter is drawn up from it in the form of a diagram that reveals the essence of the selected keyword.

o Formulating a concept, writing a short essay - 1 - 1.5 pages.

o Review on the topic - write a short literary review (essay) on the recommended topic, using additional material from the press and information resources of the Internet.

o Writing a glossary - a brief explanation of terms and concepts on a given topic, you can use a crossword puzzle.

o Presentation - the choice by the student of a specific topic for presentation and the expression of his vision, understanding or misunderstanding of any aspect considered in the presentation. The presentation time is 8-10 minutes, the presentation is evaluated according to the criterion of the degree of disclosure of the topic, the degree of interest caused by the audience, and professionalism.

o Business game - role-playing or team game, developing skills and abilities for future professional activity.

o Group project - there should be no more than 4-5 people in the group, each group develops its own project, defends it.

Overview of Traditional Methods

applied by the department of humanitarian and natural disciplines

abstract is a summary in writing or in the form of a public report of the content of a scientific work or works of specialists on a chosen topic, a review of the literature of a certain direction. Such a review should give the reader an idea of ​​the current state of knowledge of a particular scientific problem, including a comparison of experts' points of view, and be accompanied by their own assessment of their reliability and persuasiveness.

The task of the abstract is to summarize what others have achieved, to independently present the problem on the basis of facts gleaned from the literature.

As can be seen from the foregoing, the abstract is not a simple retelling of what has been read, but a serious work that requires a fairly thorough preparedness of the author. Recall that along with the main task of familiarizing with the works of scientists, the abstract sets no less important educational and methodological goals inherent in scientific work. This is a deliberate choice of topic, bibliographic search, selection and analysis of facts, provisions and conclusions contained in the scientific literature, their grouping, a logical presentation in accordance with the plan and the author's own assessment of the abstract, compiling a reference apparatus (footnotes and a list of references) and designing all text. Working on an essay, the student gets the opportunity to acquire the skills of analyzing scientific literature, master the methodology of scientific research and the basics of preparing a written work. Writing an essay on a chosen scientific topic, of course, contributes to a deeper acquaintance with the materials related to the corresponding historical period, contributes to the mastery of a number of useful skills, in particular, the ability to work independently with a book, helps to identify interest and determine the range of possible further scientific studies.

The volume of the abstract is 20-30 pages.

Abstract- a systematic, logically connected record of the content of the material being read, combining a plan, extracts, abstracts, or at least two of these types of record.

Unlike extracts and abstracts, the abstract reveals the content in the sequence of presentation in which it is offered in a readable source.

The most important and essential information is selected for compiling a summary.

The main provisions are highlighted, important words, combinations are underlined. Each new thought starts on a new line. The abstract should indicate the name of the author, the name of the source, place, time of publication, pages.

Working with primary sources:

Separate one thought from another, write them down in the form of theses;

Write down a few basic categories and concepts, broadly

Used in pedagogy, find out which ones are used in other sciences;

When finished, write down all the source data.